Gastroenterology
As the word itself signifies the meaning that it is the
study of the stomach and intestine. Illnesses affecting the gastrointestinal
tract, and GIT include all the organs from mouth till this specialty. Gastroenterology is primarily managing with the
direction and work from Mouth to the anal and they're disarranged. It deals
with the whole idea of the physiology of the gastrointestinal organs containing the program of
fabric through the stomach, the absorption, and the ingestion of supplements
into the body, ejection of waste material from the system, and the control of
the liver as a digestive organ. It contains ordinary and a few specific
stomachs related to disarrays like enterocolitis, Gallstones, Celiac Disease,
Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative, Colitis Ulcerative, Colitis Irritable Bowel
Syndrome Hemorrhoids, Diverticulitis, Anal Fissure, colon polyps and
cancer, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. Extends, all fundamental activity, and
sickness of the stomach related organs are a part of the study of
Gastroenterology.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
This technique is used to visualize and examine the various
part of our body in particular intestinal tumors, stomach ulcers, and
esophagus. An endoscope is flexible a pipe-like device incorporated
through the regular openings of the body, likewise to tract, nose anus, urethra
or vagina and close to the organs to be analyzed. This device comes with
a cable along with a camera that helps in visualizing the inner parts of the
stomach, the intestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and all the injured area. This
device can be used in different apparatus because of the advancement in the
imaging field. The technique called CT colposcopy is used to distinguish the polyps,
chromoendoscopy plays a vital role in visualizing the mucosa and internal
covering of the digestive systems.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Gastrointestinal clutters incorporate such conditions as
Stomach ache, constipation, irritable bowel disorder, Malabsorption
hemorrhoids, Ulcers anal fissures, perianal abscesses, anal fistulas, piles
perianal infections, diverticular infections, colitis, colon polyps, and
cancer.
Gut Microbiome & Probiotics Interaction
There may bacterial cells which reside within the human GIT
as a host. These organisms are living inside the human gut are known as Gut
Microbiota. These organisms assist with human metabolism, physiology immune
system, and nutrition. These do many tasks which our human body is unable to do
and produces varieties of polysaccharides, proteins, nutrients this could cause
either good to the human or harm like infections, obesity, diabetes, IBD,
tumors, etc
Many times the question comes in our mind whether probiotics
assist with the interactions so there are two things that we could extrapolate
firstly, consuming probiotics can help our digestive
system to boost up and eliminate unwanted bacteria secondly, They
could mix with other bacteria i.e. foreign bacteria and reverse their action
but as of now, there is no such report which could confirm it.
Acid-related disease
Here the acid which we are talking about is gastric acid or
gastric juice. It is basically composed of HCL, KCL, and NaCl and as we know
about the role of acids which is breaking down or dissolving any material so
the same thing it does in our digestive system i.e. helps in digestion of
proteins. This acid is produced from cells of the inner line of the stomach
known as parietal cells or oxyntic cells. So in order to maintain the acidity
of the digestive systems, other cells in the stomach produce sodium bicarbonate
because the uncontrolled release of acid could cause several conditions like
ulcer so we autonomous nervous system to control the release of acid.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
It is a condition of the human digestive system. It affects
our GI tract i.e. from mouth to anus. Symptoms are blood vomiting and dark red
or black stool etc. Sometimes it occurs without any symptoms like it blood flow
inside the tissue due to rupturing of inner walls of the tissue, the major
bleeding is called upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This leads to several fatal
conditions like peptic ulcer, variceal bleeding by liver cirrhosis, intestinal
cancer.
Gastrointestinal Oncology
Gastrointestinal Oncology: This term refers to cancer-related
to GI tract. IT mainly attacks the throat, gut, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas,
rectum and anus. The therapy for GIT cancer depends on its stage, type, etc.
Researchers found that GI cancer occurs mainly due to the consumption of
alcohol, smoking, food habits, people from the mining industry, exposure to
asbestos.
Pathological Gastroenterology
It is the study of the recognition and depiction of
neoplastic (anomalous and uncontrolled growth of tissue) and non-neoplastic
diseases of the digestive tracts, accessory organs such as pancreas and liver.
Pediatric Gastroenterology
It deals with the GI tract, pancreas, and liver of the
children from the time of birth till the age of sixteen. Mostly seen conditions
are diarrhea, inflammation, and gastritis. Recent advancement has been seen in
the field of pediatric gastroenterology.
Neuro Gastroenterology
It is the subspecialty in the field of gastroenterology that
overlaps with neurology. The enteric nervous system is the mess of neurons and
comes under the autonomous nervous system and it can work independently of
central nervous. This branch deals with the combined study of mind, gut and
their signals. The main focus of this study is to deal with the neuroplasticity
in the intestinal adaption, capacities, dysfunction in the spinal cord,
parasympathetic and enteric divisions in the intestinal tract.
Gastrointestinal Radiology
GI radiology deals with fluoroscopy and barium based
contrast material to extract images of the GI tract i.e. small intestine,
esophagus, stomach, etc. It is one of the safest techniques to identify the
pain, acid reflux, blood in stool and other symptoms.
Hepatology
This branch talks about the study of liver, pancreas,
gallbladder. The main focus of this branch is the liver and its disorder and how to
diagnose them. These disorders mainly include acute and chronic hepatitis,
viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, genetic and metabolic liver diseases, liver cancer,
liver transplantation, drug metabolism and immunology as it involves the liver.
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are responsible for 805 of liver cancer cases.
Gastrointestinal Surgery
Digestive the system is one of the complex systems of our body which can be disturbed by diseases, diets emotional stress. Out of which
few can be cured with medicines and by changing lifestyle and maintaining
hygiene. But others require surgery. This surgery involves the treatment of
upper GIT (esophagus, liver, gallbladder and pancreas) and lower GIT (stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anus.
Gastrointestinal Immunology
It is the branch of immunology with deals with
differentiation of lymphoid tissues of the GI tract and how our GI tract reacts
to the external stimulus. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the part of our
immune system associated with our GIT tract.
Coloproctology
This is a branch of medicine which talks about the study of
the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal conditions. These
conditions include a wide variety of ailments but its severity varies from
mildly irritating to life-threatening. This branch deals with the colorectal
surgery there are different types of colorectal surgeries which include
colectomy, colostomy, endoscopic surgery, necropsy, resection, etc. It has been
found that the early detection of colorectal diseases can be a great help in
the treatment and increased chances of survival rates.
Obesity and Diabetes
Obesity plays a vital role in increasing the risk of
diabetes and high blood pressure, and all such problems are also interwinding
with heart disease. For example, an obese person’s risk of a heart attack is 3
times greater than that of a person with a healthy weight. These are the most
atrocious health issues worldwide. The bridge between obesity and diabetes is
BMI( basal metabolic index) for example, an obese person with a large number of
glycerols, proinflammatory markers, fats, and non-steroid fatty acids develop
the insulin resistance.
Gastrointestinal Endocrinology
This branch deals with the study of hormonal regulation of
digestion. It has been reported that few hormones are common in both
gastroenteropancreatic endocrine cells and nerve and brain cells and this
creates a concept of the gut-brain axis. Gastroenteropancreatic hormones play a
vital role in carbohydrate metabolism, gastric acid secretion, pancreatic
exocrine and gallbladder function, gastrointestinal motility, and blood flow.
Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Dietetics
Gastrointestinal nutrition and dietetics give information
and wide coverage of the relation between nutrition and diet and the gastrointestinal
tract. It gives an idea about the factors responsible for the wide range of
gastrointestinal diseases. It also grants a summary of anatomy and physiology,
measurement and assessment of function and dietary components appurtenant to
gastrointestinal health
